WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POWER TRANSFORMER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Power transformers are used for transmission as a step up devices so that the I2r loss can be minimized for a given power flow. These transformers are designed to utilize the core to maximum and will operate very much near to the knee point of B-H curve (slightly above the knee point value).This brings down the mass of the core enormously.

Naturally these transformers have the matched iron losses and copper losses at peak load (i.e. the maximum efficiency point where both the losses match).

Distribution transformers obviously cannot be designed like this. Hence the all-day-efficiency comes into picture while designing it. It depends on the typical load cycle for which it has to supply. Definitely Core design will be done to take care of peak load and as well as all-day-efficiency. It is a bargain between these two points.

Power transformer generally operated at full load. Hence, it is designed such that copper losses are minimal. However, a distribution transformer is always online and operated at loads less than full load for most of time. Hence, it is designed such that core losses are minimal.

In Power Transformer the flux density is higher than the distribution transformer.

Maximum Efficiency

The main difference between power and distribution transformer is distribution transformer is designed for maximum efficiency at 60% to 70% load as normally doesn’t operate at full load all the time. Its load depends on distribution demand. Whereas power transformer is designed for maximum efficiency at 100% load as it always runs at 100% load being near to generating station.

Distribution Transformer is used at the distribution level where voltages tend to be lower .The secondary voltage is almost always the voltage delivered to the end consumer. Because of voltage drop limitations, it is usually not possible to deliver that secondary voltage over great distances.

As a result, most distribution systems tend to involve many ‘clusters’ of loads fed from distribution transformers, and this in turn means that the thermal rating of distribution transformers doesn’t have to be very high to support the loads that they have to serve.

HOW WE GENERATE ELECTRICITY

HOW WE GENERATE ELECTRICITY 

In today’s world, we cannot think of any activity without electricity. Electricity has become an integral part of our lives .From small house hold purposes to heavy industrial works, everywhere we need electricity.

Where this electricity does comes from?

There are various power projects, Thermal power projects, Nuclear power project, Hydle power project etc. But the purpose remains same, that is generation of electricity and that too at same frequency for a particular country .A power plant converts one form of energy into another form of energy and to finally obtain electrical energy. In thermal, hydle and nuclear power project, heat, hydraulic and nuclear energies respectively are finally converted into electrical energy.

2.SOURCES OF ENERGY

1)  The Sun:-

The radiated heat energy by the sun can be utilized by generation of electrical power.

2)  The wind:-

The wind produced by the sun gets sufficient energy which can be utilized.

3)  Terrestrial heat or geothermal energy:-

During volcanic action, the material that comes out from the bowls of earth to form the volcanic explosion also produces the steam vents and hot spring.

4)  Ocean tides and waves:-

There is a tremendous energy in ocean tides and waves. At the time of hide tide, the gates are opened and water is stored in the tidal basin which can be used in generation.

5)  Water:-

Water at a high pressure or flowing with a velocity can be used to run turbine.

  6)  Fuels:-

   The main source of energy which may be solid, liquid or gas such as coal, oil or coal gas.

  7) Nuclear energy:-The tremendous amount of heat energy is librated by fusion of disintegration                 which can be utilized due to large amount of heat produced.

WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEUTRAL AND EARTH WIRE IN HOUSE WIRING

WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEUTRAL AND EARTH WIRE IN HOUSE WIRING- one phase and one neutral  wire are used usually across all appliances to give electrical supply to that appliance. But one earth wire is also laid which is used to connect appliance body earthed. To protect consumer, in case phase wire accidently got touched to appliance’s body  it can give shock to consumer. So to protect consumer, appliance’s  earthed body though earth wire protect consumer because phase current got route though earth wire and so current does not pass though consumer body. In electrical plug of three point most  upper one point is used to connect appliance’s body to earth wire to protect consumer.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE WHICH CONDUCTOR STAND FOR NEUTRAL

MAKING OF L. T. LINE-

In this world when we go to anywhere then we see alots of line and conductor at upside of our head. Then we confuse over which line stand for what?

L T line comprises 4 conductor systems three conductors used for R Y B phase and fourth one used for neutral.

How we recognize which conductor is for neutral- How we recognize which conductor is for neutral in four conductor( three for phase and fourth one for neutral) system.

1-      Neutral wire always laid at lowest in all four conductor.

2-      Neutral conductor is weakest in size.

3-      Neutral conductors are generally made of GI wire

4-      Neutral conductor is generally grounded at each third pole.

what is difference between HT and L T line

what is difference between HT and L T line -Tension word has been derived from French dictionary which stand for Voltage. A low-tension line is a low voltage line and a high-tension line is a high voltage line. In India LT supply is of 400 Volts for three-phase connection and 230 Volts for single-phase connection. High tension or HT supply is applicable for bulk power purchasers who need 11 kilo-Volts or above. Most small consumers of electricity like individual houses, shops, small offices and smaller manufacturing units get their electricity on LT connection. HT is applicable for bulk purchasers of electricity like industries (big manufacturing units), big offices, Universities, hostels and even residential colonies (if the apartment complexes purchase together in bulk). The tariff structures of most state distribution companies are different for LT and HT.

EXTRA HIGH TENSION LINE- line having Voltage of 132 kv, 220 kv and 440 kv also called extra high tension line.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE WHETHER LINE IS L T OR H T- in distribution system l t line possess 4 wire system- 3 for phase and 4 th one for neutral. and H T line don't has neutral wire. it only possess 3 wire for phase. 

                                                              L T LINE DIAGRAM                                                        

           

H T LINE DIAGRAM

 L T LINE WITH 5 WIRE SYSTEM- L.T. LINE contain voltage generally 220 v and 440 v. and in distribution system having  5 wire system. 3 for phase 4th wire stand for neutral and the 5 and last conductor usually placed for street light. but basically street light line got charged by any phase wire through looping.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

DIRECT OR KATIYA CONNECTION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DIRECT OR KATIYA CONNECTION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM- what is katiya connection in distribution system-katiya or katia connection-katiya connection means if someone put two wire one on  phase wire and other on neutral wire.of the  nearest L T line of distribution system to use illegal  electric connection then this system called katiya connection in distribution system.
I Think in india 50% connection are katia connection. in this connection people donot use legal connection and donot pay bill against its use.

WHAT IS ELECTRICAL METER TAMPERING

WHAT IS ELECTRICAL METER TAMPERING-When any consumer put shunt resistance across   C T terminal to bypass current which is to be measured called meter tampering. this video shows with diagram and real clip to make clear concept.Meter tampering means doing anything that causes the meter to run slower or not at all. It also includes anything that is used to divert electricity around the electric meter. Meter tampering is theft of electricity from the power company. Electricity meter tampering comes in many shapes and sizes.

Probably one of the most common ways that I have personally seen electric meter tampering has been to turn the watthour meter upside down. The question is does this work? Yes and no. It depends on what type of watthour meter your system has. One may think that since you do not have digital meters that turning the meter upside down will always make the meter turn backwards. However, there were some high security meters that had registers that would measure the consumption in the correct direction regardless of whether the watthour meter was upside down or right side up.

Most digital watthour meters now have a built in detent so that it actually does not matter. They will still register correctly. But they can alert us to meter tampering. Also, electromechanical watthour meters that have AMR modules only count pulses. So, it does not matter if the disc is turning forward or backwards the ERT will still register correctly.

The second most common thing that I have seen when people steal power is when they pull the meter out and put something in its place. I have seen people put in kitchen knives, copper wire, jumper cables and basically anything metal to save money by stealing power.

Next, people will try to steal power by tampering with the meter itself. They will drill a hole in the meter cover and insert something in it to stop the disc. This works because most of the time it is undetectable because the customer will only do it at night. So long as they remember to take it out during the day the utility has a hard time detecting that the customer is stealing power.